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Background Heathlands are mostly habitats of anthropic origin, which have flourished thanks to active human management and relevant socio-economic activities, such as the exploitation of heath and pastures for agriculture. In the last decades, as a consequence of the abandonment of traditional activities, the target area has been subjected to major enviro ...

Background The decay of forest cover and soil erosion is a consequence of continual intensive forest exploitation, such as grazing and wildfires over the centuries. From the end of the eighteenth century up to the mid-1900s, black pine plantations were established throughout the Apennines’ range in Italy, to improve forest soil quality. The main aim of ...