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MARCAR aims to establish reliable early markers and molecular classification of tumors in non genotoxic carcinogenesis, applying a mechanism-based approach. Benefits are improved drug safety, more efficient drug development, and progress with 3 R issues. MARCAR focuses on rodent liver, the major target organ of non-genotoxic carcinogens (NGC). However, this approach will facilitate predictions for ...

"ESNATS aims at developing a novel toxicity test platform based on embryonic stem cells (ESC), especially human ESC (hESC), to accelerate drug development, reduce R&D costs and propose a powerful alternative to animal tests (3 Rs). ESNATS will address current drug-testing shortcomings: - testing takes place late in the development cycle - animal test systems bear the risk of non-prediction due to ...