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Background The EU’s economy uses 16 tonnes of materials per person per year, of which six tonnes becomes waste, half of it going to landfill. Overall, the EU produces up to three billion tonnes of waste every year, with a huge negative impact on the environment, as well as significant losses of materials. Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation continu ...

Background The gradual replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels is a key aim of European environmental policy. Bio-diesel can be made using vegetable oil or animal fat, but at present viability of production is severely restricted by availability of raw materials at a reasonable cost. Growing crops for this type of energy-use requires large areas of land ...