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Background Surface runoff is generated by rainfall flowing over the earth’s surface. Urban development over recent decades has rendered land increasingly impermeable, as the soils of agricultural lands and woodlands have been replaced by asphalt and concrete. When rain hits these paved/sealed areas, water gathers pollutants that have accumulated on thei ...

Background DWOR (Durable Water and Oil Repellents) are textile-finishing products made of long chain fluorocarbon polymers. They repel water, oil and dirt from fabrics. These chemicals are persistent and bioaccumulative. Many perfluorochemicals are already classified as dangerous to human health and the environment. For example, perfluorooctane sulfonates ...