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Background According to the national ministry of agriculture, food and the environment, around 121 746 hectares were under rice cultivation in Spain in the 2011-12 agricultural season. One of the main environmental challenges of rice cultivation is the management of the organic waste material known as ‘rice straw’. Burning the rice stubble in the fie ...

Background Conventional agricultural practices in EU Member States currently results in a fertiliser consumption of 2 000-2 500 kg/ha/yr. Such amounts have considerable negative consequences for soil and water pollution in Europe. Recent studies suggest that adding carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen to water used for irrigation - a system known as fertigati ...