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Background The Noordduinen has been intensively used for agriculture, military purposes and water extraction. The northern part was temporarily drained for agricultural use and small bomb craters, the Kijkduin fort, and other buildings. Concrete surfaces at Falga and Botgat testify to the military use of the land from 1881 to 2000. Infiltration canals in ...

Background At the end of the last ice age, some 10,000 years ago, extensive peat bogs formed behind the North Sea dune belt. Starting in the early Middle Ages most of the peat was dug out, and where this did not happen the bogs settled as a result of drainage. Brackish bog meadows formed, surrounded by and criss-crossed with a network of ditches and canal ...