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Pipeline systems have supreme significance for an effective functioning of industry providing Eastern and Western European markets with energy resources: crude oil, natural gas and liquid petroleum products. Taking into account long life of pipeline networks and situation, when over 20% of large-diameter pipelines are with an exhausted lifetime, an important task at the present time becomes an ens ...

Structural failure is a major cause of the wreckage of ships, vessels and tankers and causes loss of life and pollution of the seas and coastal waters of Europe as follows: §In 2004, the total amount of oil and oil products transported by sea reached the two billion-tonne/year mark (more than 40 % of total maritime traffic). The European Union accounts for 27 % of this traffic, with 90 % of Europe ...