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Background Marine biodiversity indicators are tools that enable changes in biological components of marine ecosystems to be identified and followed. They also enable those changes to be linked with pressures, and help in the assessment of the effectiveness of measures taken to reduce those pressures on different geographical scales, thereby providing a ba ...

Background The Baltic Sea is a unique and fragile marine ecosystem hosting many species and habitats of European and global interest, including the Steller's Eider (Polysticta stelleri) which has its own European Species Action Plan. It is believed that the by-catch of birds and seals in fishing nets is a problem in the Baltic Sea and assumed that habitat ...