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A typical electricity power plant of 500MW (both nuclear and conventional) has up to 4 kilometres of pipe work carrying superheated steam at pressures of up to 400 bars and temperatures up to 580 oC. The extreme pressures produce hoop stresses in a pipe causing the pipe welds to creep continuously in time until weld creep cracks are generated which, if undiscovered, may grow until the pipe rupture ...

Fouling, as defined in this project, is the presence of unintended and unwanted deposits on the inside walls of industrial plant such as pipes, storage vessels, reactor vessels etc. Its occurrence is widespread though all industries, particularly oil and petrochemical pipelines, petrochemical plant, other chemical plant, pharmaceutical production, food processing as well as in plumbing systems thr ...